![]() When Venezuela asked the United States to arbitrate the dispute, Cleveland eagerly accepted. Britain, which had amassed holdings in British Guiana since the early nineteenth century, laid claim to the Orinoco River-and thus a vast interior trading region reaching into Venezuela. Disputes in the AmericasĬleveland's interference in the Venezuelan boundary dispute was his most controversial foreign policy decision. In a final act of pique, he handed the problem to Congress, where it remained until President McKinley affirmed a joint congressional resolution that made Hawaii an American territory in 1900. When the American sugar planters threatened to resist by arms and the defiant Queen refused to grant amnesty to the revolutionary leaders-she wanted them beheaded-Cleveland washed his hands of the affair in frustration. Cleveland tried to pressure the revolutionary government into handing power back to Queen Liliuokalani. ![]() He was concerned that the Harrison's administration and American sugar planters on the islands had conspired during the Hawaiian revolution of 1893 to overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy. In his second term, the situation in Hawaii caught Cleveland off guard. After he left office, Cleveland criticized the agreement as an entangling alliance with European monarchies. The President dispatched three warships to Samoan waters, a bellicose action that eventually produced a tripartite protectorate over the islands signed by Germany, Britain, and the United States. Because the United States had treaty rights to establish a naval base on the island, Cleveland reacted strongly when Germany tried to install a puppet monarch. In all of these cases, Cleveland moved with tact and delicacy. He also worked on the disputed boundary between Alaska and British Colombia and the problem of the diminishing fur-seal population in the Bering Sea. ![]() fishing rights in the North Atlantic off Canada and Newfoundland. This treaty gave the United States the right to construct a canal in Nicaragua that was to be owned jointly by the two nations.Ĭleveland's first term also found him enmeshed in the complex issue of U.S. ![]() With these purposes in mind, he decided to withdraw the Frelinghuysen-Zavala Treaty from senatorial consideration. Grover Cleveland's principal agenda in foreign policy was to oppose territorial expansion and entangling alliances. ![]()
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